Kreider et al
Ingestion of CHO and PRO following intense exercise has been reported to increase insulin levels, optimize glycogen resynthesis, enhance PRO synthesis, and lessen the immuno-suppressive effects of intense exercise [2,3,8,14,16,35]. Since different forms of CHO have varying glycemic effects [28,29,34], the purpose of this study was to determine whether the type of CHO ingested with PRO following resistance-exercise affects blood glucose availability, insulin levels, markers of anabolism and catabolism, and/or general immune markers during the first two hours of recovery.
The major findings of this study were:
1.) ingesting CHO with PRO following resistance-training promoted significant increases in insulin levels;
2.) no significant differences were observed among the forms of CHO ingested on insulin levels suggesting that each of these types of CHO can be an effective source of CHO for post-exercise CHO/PRO supplements;
3.) that glucose levels were maintained to a greater degree in subjects ingesting honey as the source of CHO; and,
4.) post-exercise nutritional supplementation did not significantly affect the time course of testosterone, cortisol, the ratio of testosterone to cortisol, muscle and liver enzyme efflux, or general markers of immunity during the first two hours of recovery following resistance-exercise.
These findings add to a growing body of literature indicating that ingestion of CHO and PRO following exercise can stimulate insulin levels and thereby anabolic processes